Indeed, various humic substances are powerful antioxidants and possess reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties.
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HAs are protective against iron-induced hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity via their antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. In renal ischemia reperfusion injury in rats, the therapeutic effects of HAs were associated with the prevention of oxidative stress. For example, the neuroprotective effect of HAs in a focal cerebral ischemia rat model is likely due to the antioxidant properties of HAs. The various anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and radioprotective effects of natural substances seem to be associated, at least in part, with their antioxidant and antiradical effects. Sodium humate has also been reported to be radioprotective in rats. Recently, we demonstrated that peat-derived HAs exhibited antihypoxic, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, and vasodilating activities. HAs have been reported in a number of studies to exhibit anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Regarding internal use, HAs have been shown to be particular useful in therapy for diarrhea, gastritis, stomach ulcers, dysentery, colitis, and diabetes mellitus. For example, HAs from various sources have been used externally for the treatment of hematoma, phlebitis, desmorrhexis, myogelosis, arthrosis, polyarthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteochondrosis. Peat preparations are mainly used as external remedies but can also be used as internal drugs.
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HAs are employed in oriental medicine, where they continue to be used extensively for treatment of skin diseases, cold stress, rheumatic pain, diabetes, kidney stones, heart ailments, leprosy, and immune system diseases. Humic substances are heterogeneous natural biopolymers that are contained in plant-based substances (peat, brown coal, and benthic sediment) and are represented mostly by humic acids (HAs). The organic matter of peat consists of humic substances (up to 40%), lignin, polysaccharides, lipids, pectins, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Peat is organic soil formed as a result of incomplete disintegration and humification of marsh plants under high humidity conditions. Overall, these data provide a molecular basis to explain at least part of the beneficial therapeutic properties of peat-derived HAs. Furthermore, the HIX was found to be important in determining the number of semiquinone-type free radicals in the HA structures. All HA fractions exhibited antioxidant activity in radical scavenging and electrochemical assays, and their EPR signal had a single line with g = 2.0035, which is consistent with semiquinone type radicals. Moreover, HAp fractions had a significantly higher content of phenolic OH groups (3.6 ± 0.5 mmol/g) versus HAb (3.1 ± 0.5 mmol/g). HAp fractions had a higher content of aromatic structures compared to HAb fractions. Average M r of the fractions ranged from 17.2 to 39.7 kDa, while their humification index (HIX) varied from 0.49 to 1.21.
Physical parameters of the HAs were analyzed by UV-Vis, fluorescent, infrared (IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. To address this issue, nine different types of peat, including oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and minerotrophic peat samples, were used for isolation of HA fractions by basic (HAb) and pyrophosphate (HAp) extractions. Although humic acids (HAs) from peat exhibit various therapeutic properties, there is little information available concerning their physicochemical and antioxidant properties.
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